Analysis of the Urban Heat Island Phenomenon and Its Impact on Land Surface Temperature in Batam City
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63639/ykp.v2i1.158Keywords:
Urban Heat Island, Land Surface, Temperature, Batam CityAbstract
Rapid urbanization in Batam City has intensified the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect due to changes in land cover and the expansion of built-up areas. This study aims to analyze the spatial distribution of Land Surface Temperature (LST), changes in surface temperature during 2015–2025, and their relationship with land cover changes in Batam City. The research uses a quantitative descriptive approach, employing remote sensing data and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). ESG data is extracted from satellite imagery, analyzed spatially, and verified through field observations at several locations that represent urban characteristics. The results show that the distribution of ESG is influenced by the density of built-up areas, urban activities, and vegetation cover. During the period 2015-2025, there was an expansion of moderate- to high-temperature zones, especially in the northern, central, and eastern regions of Batam City, which were dominated by industrial, commercial, and residential areas. In contrast, the secondary forest and mangrove areas in the southern part have lower surface temperatures and function as natural cooling zones. These findings confirm that the conversion of vegetated land to built-up areas is the main factor driving the intensification of the UHI. Therefore, the protection of green open spaces, mangrove rehabilitation, and the implementation of green infrastructure need to be integrated into spatial planning as strategies for UHI mitigation and climate change adaptation.
References
Anurogo, W., Sidabutar, R. T. C., Lubis, M. Z., Panuntun, H., Nugroho, C. B., & Sufwandika, M. (2023). Estimation Of Land Surface Temperature-Assessment With Remote Sensing Data for Urban Heat Island in Batam Municipality. GeoEco, 9(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.20961/ge.v9i1.54510
Du, C., Ren, H., Qin, Q., Meng, J., & Zhao, S. (2015). A Practical Split-Window Algorithm for Estimating Land Surface Temperature from Landsat 8 Data. Remote Sensing, 7(1), 647–665. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70100647
Estoque, R. C., Murayama, Y., & Myint, S. W. (2017). Effects of landscape composition and pattern on land surface temperature: An urban heat island study in the megacities of Southeast Asia. Science of The Total Environment, 577, 349–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.195
Faqe Ibrahim, G. (2017). Urban Land Use Land Cover Changes and Their Effect on Land Surface Temperature: Case Study Using Dohuk City in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Climate, 5(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli5010013
Gandri, L. (2022). Analisis Spasial Fenomena Urban Heat Island Menggunakan Algoritma Land Surface Temperature Kota Kendari. Jurnal Meteorologi Dan Geofisika, 23(2), 109. https://doi.org/10.31172/jmg.v23i2.852
Gustin, O., Hidayat, P., & Sari, D. (2023). Mapping the Suitability of Land Use to the Regional Spatial Plans in Batam City. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Applied Engineering, ICAE 2022, 5 October 2022, Batam, Indonesia. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Applied Engineering, ICAE 2022, 5 October 2022, Batam, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.5-10-2022.2327749
Gustin, O., & Roziqin, A. (2019). Detection of Land Use Changes in Batam Island Coastal Using Remote Sensing. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 375(1), 012001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/375/1/012001
Hasanudin, H., Sari, D. A. K., Setyaningrum, N., Cahya, D. L., & Aryaguna, P. A. (2025). Analisis Hubungan Sebaran Ruang Terbuka Hijau dan Kepadatan Bangunan Terhadap Intensitas Suhu Permukaan Tanah di Jakarta Timur Tahun 2022. Jurnal Wilayah Dan Lingkungan, 13(2), 117–134. https://doi.org/10.14710/jwl.13.2.117-134
Kim, J., Khouakhi, A., Corstanje, R., & Johnston, A. S. A. (2024). Greater local cooling effects of trees across globally distributed urban green spaces. Science of The Total Environment, 911, 168494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168494
Mahata, B., Sankar Sahu, S., Sardar, A., Laxmikanta, R., & Maity, M. (2024). Spatiotemporal dynamics of land use/land cover (LULC) changes and its impact on land surface temperature: A case study in New Town Kolkata, eastern India. Regional Sustainability, 5(2), 100138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsus.2024.100138
Massaro, E., Schifanella, R., Piccardo, M., Caporaso, L., Taubenböck, H., Cescatti, A., & Duveiller, G. (2023). Spatially-optimized urban greening for reduction of population exposure to land surface temperature extremes. Nature Communications, 14(1), 2903. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38596-1
Mohajerani, A., Bakaric, J., & Jeffrey-Bailey, T. (2017). The urban heat island effect, its causes, and mitigation, with reference to the thermal properties of asphalt concrete. Journal of Environmental Management, 197, 522–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.095
Mohiuddin, G., & Mund, J.-P. (2024). Spatiotemporal Analysis of Land Surface Temperature in Response to Land Use and Land Cover Changes: A Remote Sensing Approach. Remote Sensing, 16(7), 1286. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16071286
Naserikia, M., Hart, M. A., Nazarian, N., & Bechtel, B. (2022). Background climate modulates the impact of land cover on urban surface temperature. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 15433. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19431-x
Patel, S., Indraganti, M., & Jawarneh, R. N. (2024). Land surface temperature responses to land use dynamics in urban areas of Doha, Qatar. Sustainable Cities and Society, 104, 105273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2024.105273
Proutsos, N. D., Solomou, A. D., & Stefanidis, S. P. (2025). From Bare Soil to Green Infrastructure: Micrometeorological Benefits from the Restoration of a Small Urban Park in a Mediterranean City. Land, 14(8), 1681. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081681
Rees, G., Hebryn-Baidy, L., & Belenok, V. (2024). Temporal Variations in Land Surface Temperature within an Urban Ecosystem: A Comprehensive Assessment of Land Use and Land Cover Change in Kharkiv, Ukraine. Remote Sensing, 16(9), 1637. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16091637
Roba, Z. R., & Tabor, K. W. (2025). Geospatial analysis of vegetation and land surface temperature for urban heat island mitigation in Hawassa City, Ethiopia. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 31786. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-17014-0
Setiawati, M. D., Jarzebski, M. P., Gomez-Garcia, M., & Fukushi, K. (2021). Accelerating Urban Heating Under Land-Cover and Climate Change Scenarios in Indonesia: Application of the Universal Thermal Climate Index. Frontiers in Built Environment, 7, 622382. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2021.622382
Shen, P., & Zhao, S. (2024). Intensifying urban imprint on land surface warming: Insights from local to global scale. iScience, 27(3), 109110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.109110
Sobrino, J. A., Jiménez-Muñoz, J. C., & Paolini, L. (2004). Land surface temperature retrieval from LANDSAT TM 5. Remote Sensing of Environment, 90(4), 434–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.02.003
Tan, Y., Li, C., Feng, H., & Yang, J. (2024). Exploring the Land Cover Material Interaction of Urban Open Space on the Thermal Comfort of Crowds in High-Temperature Environments and Retrofit Strategies: Two Case Studies in the Nanjing Xinjiekou District. Land, 13(3), 314. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13030314
Zheng, Z., Lin, X., Chen, L., Yan, C., & Sun, T. (2024). Effects of urbanization and topography on thermal comfort during a heat wave event: A case study of Fuzhou, China. Sustainable Cities and Society, 102, 105233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2024.105233
Ziaeemehr, B., Jandaghian, Z., Ge, H., Lacasse, M., & Moore, T. (2023). Increasing Solar Reflectivity of Building Envelope Materials to Mitigate Urban Heat Islands: State-of-the-Art Review. Buildings, 13(11), 2868. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13112868
Zwolska, A., Półrolniczak, M., & Kolendowicz, L. (2024). Urban growth’s implications on land surface temperature in a medium-sized European city based on LCZ classification. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 8308. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-58501-0
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Anju Diah Natalia Panjaitan, Ali Soltani, Asih Ester E.G Harahap, Hetti Melinda Purba, Rusniatri Hasugian, Grance Indah Situmeang (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
