Spatiotemporal Analysis of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in The Batangtoru Estuary Using Sentinel-2 Imagery
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63639/gz8r4v80Keywords:
Total Suspended Solid, Sentinel-2, Remote Sensing, Batangtoru Estuary, Water QualityAbstract
The Batangtoru watershed is increasingly polluted as waste from human activities is directly discharged into the river, leading to high concentrations of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) at the estuary. This study examines spatial and temporal trends of TSS using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery to support water quality monitoring. Three spectral indices Normalized Difference Turbidity Index (NDTI), Normalized Suspended Material Index (NSMI), and Normalized Difference Suspended Sediment Index (NDSSI) were applied, processed with a Mosaic Dataset, and analyzed using the Space-Time Cube method. From 2019 to 2023, Sentinel-2 effectively captured TSS variability across time and space. NDTI and NSMI consistently showed high turbidity and suspended material levels, while NDSSI exhibited greater fluctuation influenced by tides and seasonal dynamics. Trend analysis revealed moderate increases in NDTI and NSMI, with a slight decrease in NDSSI. Persistent hot spots were observed in NDTI and NSMI, whereas NDSSI identified persistent cold spots. Correlation analysis confirmed positive associations of TSS with NDTI and NSMI, and a negative association with NDSSI. This study emphasizes the novelty of integrating multiple indices for TSS monitoring and demonstrates Sentinel-2’s value as a cost-effective tool for long-term water quality assessment. Findings provide ecological insights and practical guidance for watershed management
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