Youthful Keen Persistence Journal of Climate Change (YKP Journal) focuses on research, innovation, and discussion related to environmental management, climate change, mangrove conservation, coastal area management, and sustainable development in coastal areas. Youthful Keen Persistence Journal of Climate Change (YKP Journal) will publish work that examines the interactions between coastal ecosystems and climate change and their relationship to sustainable development policies and practices aimed at protecting and restoring coastal environments, especially mangrove forests. Youthful Keen Persistence Journal of Climate Change (YKP Journal) is a new journal committed to publishing high-quality articles that significantly contribute to the development of science through transparent and professional procedures by the editorial board and reviewers. Youthful Keen Persistence Journal of Climate Change (YKP Journal) is published Quarterly (January, April, July, and October).
Analysis of Mangrove Forest Degradation and Mangrove Conservation Management in the Community Economy of Langkat Regency
Mangrove ecosystems play a strategic role in maintaining coastal ecological balance while supporting local livelihoods through diverse ecosystem services. However, increasing mangrove degradation has threatened both ecological integrity and the socio-economic sustainability of coastal communities, including Selotong Village, Lalat Regency. This study analyzes the drivers of mangrove degradation, evaluates conservation management, and examines its socio-economic impacts. A qualitative approach was employed using purposive sampling involving 30 informants, including fishermen, pond farmers, village officials, community leaders, and coastal community groups. Data were collected through field observations, semi-structured interviews, and documentation, then analyzed using the Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña interactive model. The findings reveal that mangrove degradation is primarily driven by anthropogenic activities, including land conversion into aquaculture ponds and oil palm plantations, timber exploitation, and weak governance, compounded by coastal abrasion and hydrodynamic processes. These conditions have reduced fisheries productivity, increased fishing operational costs, and hindered the development of mangrove-based enterprises such as ecotourism and silvofishery. Effective conservation requires ecosystem-based and community-based management through ecosystem rehabilitation, institutional strengthening, multi-stakeholder collaboration, and community economic empowerment. This study proposes an integrated mangrove management model incorporating ecological, social, economic, and institutional dimensions to support sustainable coastal conservation policies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andre Daniel Ilman Silaban, M Taufik Rahmadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis of Urban Growth Patterns and Industrial Area Expansion on Land Use Change in Batam City, Indonesia (2017–2025)
The growth of urban areas and the expansion of industrial estates are the main factors that encourage land use changes in Batam City, as one of the strategic industrial estates in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the patterns of urban growth, the expansion of industrial estates, and land-use changes in Batam City during the period 2017–2025. The study uses a quantitative descriptive approach, utilizing Sentinel-2 land cover data obtained from the Esri Living Atlas and analyzed in a Geographic Information System (GIS) through spatial overlay techniques. The results of the study show that the area of built-up areas increased from 17,188.50 ha in 2017 to 21,399.70 ha in 2025, an increase of 4,211.20 ha. In contrast, open land, agricultural land, grassland, and flooded vegetation have declined in extent due to land conversion for industrial estates, settlements, trade, and urban infrastructure. The growth of built-up areas is concentrated in the northern, central, and western areas of Batam City, which have high accessibility and are adjacent to industrial areas and major transportation networks. These findings show that urban growth and the expansion of industrial estates were the main drivers of the spatial transformation of Batam City during the study period. This research provides spatial information to support spatial planning, land conversion control, and more sustainable urban development, helping maintain a balance between economic growth and environmental sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Fauzi Sinuraya, Anas Fela Naibaho, Desty Novry Lianty, Ipantri Naibaho, Widya Ningsih, Aqil Bin Mohd Anuar, Nur Afiqa Najwa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis of the Urban Heat Island Phenomenon and Its Impact on Land Surface Temperature in Batam City
Rapid urbanization in Batam City has intensified the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect due to changes in land cover and the expansion of built-up areas. This study aims to analyze the spatial distribution of Land Surface Temperature (LST), changes in surface temperature during 2015–2025, and their relationship with land cover changes in Batam City. The research uses a quantitative descriptive approach, employing remote sensing data and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). ESG data is extracted from satellite imagery, analyzed spatially, and verified through field observations at several locations that represent urban characteristics. The results show that the distribution of ESG is influenced by the density of built-up areas, urban activities, and vegetation cover. During the period 2015-2025, there was an expansion of moderate- to high-temperature zones, especially in the northern, central, and eastern regions of Batam City, which were dominated by industrial, commercial, and residential areas. In contrast, the secondary forest and mangrove areas in the southern part have lower surface temperatures and function as natural cooling zones. These findings confirm that the conversion of vegetated land to built-up areas is the main factor driving the intensification of the UHI. Therefore, the protection of green open spaces, mangrove rehabilitation, and the implementation of green infrastructure need to be integrated into spatial planning as strategies for UHI mitigation and climate change adaptation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anju Diah Natalia Panjaitan, Ali Soltani, Asih Ester E.G Harahap, Hetti Melinda Purba, Rusniatri Hasugian, Grance Indah Situmeang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Spatial Assessment of Urban Vegetation Density Using Landsat 8 NDVI: A Case Study of Sibolga, Indonesia
The intensive growth of urban areas has increased the conversion of vegetated land into built-up areas, thereby reducing the quality of the environment and green open spaces. Sibolga City as a coastal city with limited land faces urbanization pressures that have the potential to accelerate the decline in vegetation cover. This study aims to analyze and map the level of vegetation density in Sibolga City using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) approach. The study uses a descriptive quantitative method based on spatial analysis by utilizing Landsat 8 imagery in 2025 as the main data. Data processing was carried out through the pre-image processing stage, calculation of NDVI values using ArcGIS Pro, classification of vegetation density levels into five classes, and descriptive analysis of the spatial distribution of the mapping results. The results showed that the middle greenery class dominated the Sibolga City area with an area of 546.77 ha (47.77%), followed by very low greenery of 221.83 ha (19.38%), unvegetated land of 207.61 ha (18.14%), low greenery of 166.43 ha (14.45%), while high greenery only 2.89 ha (0.25%) remained. The accumulation of unvegetated land, very low greenery, and low greenery reached 51.97% of the total area, indicating the dominance of the built landscape as well as the high pressure on urban vegetation. This study concludes that the condition of vegetation cover in Sibolga City requires strengthening spatial planning policies based on spatial data through the protection of vegetated areas, the development of green open spaces, and the control of land conversion to support the sustainability of the urban environment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Citra Amelia Putri Nasution, Mutia Indah Purnama, Chandra Aryanto Marbun, Muhammad Ridha Syafii Damanik, Yessi Marbun (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Spatial Analysis of Vegetation Density Using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Method Based on Landsat 8 Imagery in Pematangsiantar, North Sumatra, Indonesia
Vegetation plays an important role in maintaining environmental balance through carbon dioxide absorption, oxygen production, air temperature regulation, and improving the quality of the urban environment. Regional development and land use changes in Pematangsiantar City can affect vegetation cover, so monitoring is needed to determine the level of density and spatial distribution of vegetation. This study aims to analyze the distribution of vegetation density in Pematangsiantar City using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) method based on Landsat 8 imagery in 2026. This study uses Landsat 8 Level 1 imagery from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) as well as Indonesian Terrain Map (RBI) data as supporting data. The research procedure includes data collection, radiometric correction, image cutting according to administrative boundaries, NDVI calculation, vegetation density classification, and spatial analysis using ArcGIS Pro software. The greenery class includes 1,078.65 hectares (14.22%), low greenery 851.85 hectares (11.23%), very low greenery 202.32 hectares (2.67%), and unvegetated land 3.60 hectares (0.05%). High vegetation density is commonly found in suburbs dominated by farmland, plantations, and green open spaces. In contrast, low NDVI values are concentrated in city centers with higher levels of development. The vegetation in Pematangsiantar City is still relatively good. The NDVI method has proven to be effective in identifying and mapping vegetation density and can be used as a basis for sustainable development planning and urban environmental management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saskia Ramadhani, Nur Intan Agustin, Adji El Fahri, Ramadhan Situmorang, Zulfajri Zulfajri, Fitra Yua Pratama (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Resource Potential of the Mangrove Forest Ecosystem for Ecotourism Development in Pasar Rawa Village, Gebang District, Langkat Regency
Mangrove ecosystems provide essential ecological functions in coastal areas, including shoreline protection, biodiversity support, and opportunities for sustainable tourism development. Pasar Rawa Village in Gebang District, Langkat Regency, North Sumatra, has mangrove resources that can be developed as an ecotourism destination. However, the utilization of these resources requires an assessment of ecological suitability, environmental capacity, and community support to ensure sustainable management. This study aims to identify the potential resources of the mangrove ecosystem, evaluate ecological suitability for ecotourism development, analyze tourism carrying capacity, and examine community perceptions toward mangrove ecotourism in the study area. This research employed a descriptive method using qualitative and quantitative approaches. Data were collected through field observations, vegetation measurements, and interviews with local residents and visitors. Purposive sampling was used to determine observation stations based on variations in mangrove conditions such as vegetation density, substrate type, and accessibility. Data analysis included mangrove vegetation density analysis, ecological suitability index assessment, carrying capacity calculations, and descriptive analysis of community perceptions. The results show that the mangrove ecosystem in the study area consists of five dominant species: Rhizophora spp., Avicennia spp., Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Sonneratia alba, and Apiculata spp., with vegetation density ranging from 12 to 22 individuals per 100 m². Ecological suitability analysis indicates that two locations are highly suitable, three locations are conditionally suitable, and one location is unsuitable for ecotourism development. Community responses show positive support for mangrove ecotourism development, indicating strong potential for sustainable ecotourism in Pasar Rawa Village
Copyright (c) 2026 Jeplim Riwalfen Saragih, M Taufik Rahmadi, Fatih Adiguzel (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment of Mangrove Degradation Using Vegetation Structure and Environmental Parameters in Gosong Telaga Barat Village, Aceh Singkil Regency, Indonesia
Mangrove ecosystems play a crucial role in maintaining coastal stability and supporting local livelihoods. However, increasing anthropogenic pressures have led to significant degradation in many coastal areas. Previous studies have predominantly focused on large-scale mapping and land cover changes, while local-scale ecological assessments integrating vegetation structure and environmental parameters remain limited. This study aims to analyze mangrove degradation by combining vegetation structure analysis and environmental measurements at a local scale. Field data were collected in October 2023 using a line transect–quadrat method (10 m × 10 m plots). Vegetation parameters included species composition, density, frequency, dominance, and Importance Value Index (IVI), while environmental variables included salinity, temperature, pH, and substrate moisture. Statistical analyses (independent t-test and Pearson correlation) were applied to examine differences and relationships among variables. The results show a low survival rate of 33.20%, significantly below the optimal rehabilitation threshold (60–80%). Environmental factors, particularly salinity and substrate conditions, showed significant correlations with survival and growth parameters (p < 0.05). IVI analysis indicates dominance of specific species with limited regeneration capacity. These findings suggest that mangrove degradation in the study area is driven by both ecological constraints and inappropriate rehabilitation practices. This study contributes to the development of an ecologically based restoration approach by integrating vegetation and environmental indicators at the local scale.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sabila Martin Dalimunte, Dea Anggun Patricia, M Rizky Pratama Ginting (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Mangrove Forest Density Mapping Using Google Earth Engine in Deli Serdang Regency
Mangrove ecosystems play a crucial role in maintaining coastal stability, supporting biodiversity, and sustaining local livelihoods. However, increasing environmental pressure and human activities have led to changes in mangrove cover and vegetation structure in Deli Serdang Regency. This study aims to analyze changes in mangrove cover area and density between 2020 and 2024, as well as to identify the factors influencing these changes. The research employs a qualitative descriptive approach supported by spatial analysis using Sentinel-2A imagery processed through Google Earth Engine and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index method. Field validation was conducted using purposive sampling and GPS-based ground truth data to assess classification accuracy. The results show that mangrove cover decreased from 13,694 ha in 2020 to 13,173 ha in 2024. A significant shift in vegetation structure was observed, with dense mangrove areas declining from 61% to 42%, while moderate-density areas increased from 15% to 33%. The classification achieved an overall accuracy of 83% with a Kappa coefficient of 0.76, indicating reliable results. Environmental factors such as water pH and substrate type, along with anthropogenic pressures including land conversion and accessibility, were identified as key drivers of mangrove density changes. These findings highlight that mangrove degradation occurs not only through area reduction but also through structural changes in vegetation density. The study implies that remote sensing-based monitoring combined with field validation provides an effective approach for supporting sustainable mangrove management and conservation strategies in coastal regions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Triva Ulfami, M. Taufik Rahmadi, Meilinda Suriani Harefa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Vegetation Index Analysis Using the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) Method from SPOT 7 Imagery in Simeulue Regency
Vegetation cover is a crucial component for ecosystem stability in island regions such as Simeulue Regency. This study aims to map vegetation density using NDVI analysis from SPOT 7 2022 satellite imagery in Simeulue Regency. Data processing was performed using ArcGIS 10.8 software, with the study area covering the districts of West Simeulue, Central Simeulue, and Teluk Dalam. NDVI classification refers to five categories based on Ministry of Forestry regulations. The analysis revealed that the High Vegetation class dominates the area, reaching 29,162.21 ha (69.67%), reflecting the still dense vegetation conditions. Non-Vegetation Areas are the second largest, covering 11,445.68 ha (27.34%), dominated by water bodies. Other vegetation classes have very small percentages, marking transition areas. Although green cover remains dominant, the presence of extensive non-vegetation land requires an integrated environmental management strategy to support sustainable development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Natasya Kaila Putri, Sabda Yanti Pasaribu, Grace Mercy Epsilon Hia, Popy Ardian Ningsih Zega, Zulfajri Zulfajri, Ayi Priana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis of Mangrove Vegetation Density Based on SPOT-7-Based Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in Simeulue Regency
This study aims to analyze the density of mangrove vegetation in Simeulue Barat District, Simeulue Regency, to assess the condition of mangrove ecosystems in coastal areas. Mangroves play a crucial role in maintaining coastal ecological balance, protecting the coast from abrasion, and supporting the lives of marine life and coastal communities. This study uses a quantitative, descriptive-spatial approach based on remote sensing utilizing SPOT-7 satellite imagery. The data used are secondary data, including SPOT-7 Level-2 Surface Reflectance imagery from 2022, administrative boundary maps, and other supporting data. The analysis was carried out by calculating the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) value using the Near Infrared (NIR) and Red (RED) channels to identify the level of greenness and vegetation density. The resulting NDVI values were classified into vegetation density classes using the class interval method based on the Sturges formula to ensure proportional representation of data distribution, ranging from non-vegetation to very dense vegetation. The results show that the NDVI value in the study area ranges from -0,701408 to 0,725727, representing variations in land cover from water bodies to very dense mangrove vegetation. Based on the classification results, the Simeulue Barat District is dominated by very dense vegetation, indicating that the mangrove ecosystem is relatively well-maintained. This finding provides important spatial information for coastal management planning and mangrove conservation. This study recommends integrating NDVI with other vegetation indices and conducting field verification to improve the accuracy of future analyses
Copyright (c) 2026 Mutia Alya Surianto, Aisyah Nur Aini, Diva Nayaka Siswadi, Roma Ulina br Sihotang, Zulfajri Zulfajri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Mapping and Identification of Mangroves in the Coastal Area of Langkat Regency Using Sentinel-2 Imagery and Google Earth Engine
The mangrove ecosystem is a crucial component of tropical coastal biomes, providing various ecosystem services, including erosion protection, fish spawning habitats, and blue carbon storage. In Langkat Regency, North Sumatra Province, mangroves face significant pressure due to land conversion into aquaculture ponds and oil palm plantations. This study aims to map the spatial distribution of mangroves and identify their extent across nine coastal subdistricts influenced by marine dynamics and estuarine ecosystems. The primary data used were 2024 Sentinel-2 Level-2A imagery processed using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. Pre-processing included cloud masking, median compositing, and extraction of vegetation indices (NDVI, NDWI, NDBI) to enhance classification accuracy. Land cover classification was performed using the Random Forest algorithm with seven classes, including mangrove, water bodies, aquaculture/swamp, oil palm, terrestrial vegetation, open land, and built-up areas. Validation was conducted using 210 sample points, resulting in an overall accuracy of 90% and a mangrove classification accuracy of 100%. Comparative analysis with the National Mangrove Map (BIG) revealed a discrepancy in area, with 18,856.69 ha in this study compared to 15,093.13 ha in the BIG data, influenced by differences in delineation methods and data resolution. The results indicate that although mangroves are still widely distributed, some coastal areas are under pressure from land-use change and require more targeted protection. The Sentinel-2 and GEE-based classification maps provide accurate and up-to-date spatial information that can support management, conservation, and sustainable spatial planning in the coastal areas of Langkat Regency
Copyright (c) 2026 Tengku Abdillah Aziz, Risbue Siregar, Aisyah Dwi Ramadhani, Amanda Anggraini, Nazwa Amelia Putri, Ruth Sahana Manalu, Vinny Natasya Hura, Yogi Marselinus Turnip, Ayu Surya Saputri, Widya Khairunisa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Silvofishery Model for Enhancing Blue Carbon and Sustainable Aquaculture in Indramayu's Coastal Region
Indramayu Regency is one of Indonesia’s regions with significant blue carbon potential, where it is mostly found in its mangrove ecosystems. However, ecosystem degradation brought on by the conversion of land into ponds has reduced this blue carbon potential. This study aimed to design an integrated mangrove-aquaculture (silvofishery) and estimating its potential as blue cabon component for CO2 emission absorption. Methods used included spatial analysis to determine zoning design, a literature review of silvofishery models and mangrove species to choose the best type and model, and a dynamic system model simulation of CO2 absorption. The study resulted in design of a silvofishery scheme using ‘empang parit’ model that optimizes the ponds long-term ecological and economic value. Rhizophora mucronata used as the species planted in this design that are divided into three zones: (1) Protected Forest Zone (ZHL) covering 7,700.15 ha (mangrove-to-pond (MT) ratio 80:20, planting distance 1x1 m); (Abrasion-Accretion Protection Zone (ZAA) covering 1,592.73 ha (MT ratio 80:20, planting distance 1x2 m); and (3) Optimal Silvofishery Zone (ZWO) covering 13,626.94 ha (MT ratio 60:40, planting distance 2x2 m). According to simulation results, the design area’s CO2 absorption in year 35 reached 671.17 tons/ha in ZHL, 332.62 tons/ha in ZAA, and 141.57 tons/ha in ZWO, with total absorption reaching 7.86 millions tons CO2 for entire design area. The 'empang parit' silvofishery design in the coastal region of Indramayu has the potential to raise the region's capacity to absorb CO2 by more than 217 thousand tons annually while preserving ponds economic value.
Copyright (c) 2026 Belinda Calista Tansy, Giovani Rahadian Arif (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Estimation of Potential Fishing Grounds Using the Random Forest Machine Learning Algorithm with MODIS Satellite Data
North Sumatra Province, located within Indonesia’s Fisheries Management Area (WPP) 571, has substantial marine capture fisheries potential along its eastern coastline. However, increasing fishing intensity has led to higher fuel consumption and carbon emissions from fishing vessels, emphasizing the need for spatially efficient fishing strategies. This study aims to estimate and validate potential fishing zones (PFZ) using a Random Forest machine learning algorithm integrated with MODIS-Aqua satellite data to enhance operational efficiency and support emission mitigation. Four oceanographic parameters were employed as predictor variables: Sea Surface Temperature (SST), chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a), normalized fluorescence line height (nFLH), and particulate organic carbon (POC), covering the period 2013–2020. Ecological threshold values were applied to generate PFZ and Non-PFZ labels, and the dataset was divided into 80% training and 20% testing subsets using stratified random sampling. Model performance was evaluated using confusion matrix analysis, precision, recall, F1-score, and Cohen’s Kappa coefficient. Results indicate that all variables were normally distributed and significantly correlated (R > 0.5; R² > 0.7). The Random Forest model achieved consistently high predictive accuracy, exceeding 90% across all evaluated years. Compared to a conventional threshold-based method, the machine learning approach produced more stable and spatially consistent PFZ delineations by capturing nonlinear environmental interactions. This study demonstrates that integrating satellite oceanography and machine learning provides a robust, data-driven framework for improving fishing efficiency while contributing to carbon emission reduction in capture fisheries management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hasbi Husaini, Ahmad Mujab Arba'i, Muhammad Rajaskana Syahputra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis of Urban Growth in Purwakarta Regency 2019–2023 Using Wind Direction Quadrant Method
Purwakarta Regency holds a strategic geographical position that plays a vital role in urban dynamics, driven by population growth and infrastructure demand. The region is located at the intersection of three major transportation corridors connecting Jakarta, Bandung, and Cirebon, which makes it an attractive area for urban expansion. The objective of this study is to analyze the direction and extent of urban growth in Purwakarta Regency between 2019 and 2023 using remote sensing and spatial analysis approaches. Sentinel-2 imagery was employed as the main dataset to classify urban and non-urban areas with the Random Forest algorithm applied to ensure accurate land cover classification. Accuracy assessment was conducted using confusion matrix analysis, producing an overall accuracy of 0.92 in 2019 and 0.90 in 2023, while validation with Google Earth imagery yielded 92% accuracy in 2019 and 90% in 2023. The classified results were further examined using the quadrant method of wind directions to identify the spatial orientation of urban expansion. Both visual interpretation and quantitative analysis indicate that urban growth in Purwakarta Regency was predominantly concentrated in the southwest quadrant. The total change in urban area during the study period was measured at approximately 7.72 hectares. The findings highlight that urban development in Purwakarta is closely linked to strategic transportation networks and regional accessibility. This study concludes that the integration of Sentinel-2 imagery and spatial quadrant analysis provides a reliable approach to monitoring urban growth patterns in rapidly developing regions
Copyright (c) 2026 Alfian Alfian, Tifanny Ananda Putri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
CARBOSAKA (Carbon and Responsible-Based Scheme for Knowledge Area): Innovation of Educational Mangrove Ecotourism Based on Tourists’ Carbon Footprint
The mangrove ecosystem contributes to carbon sequestration and coastal protection; however, unmanaged tourism activities may increase carbon emissions and degrade environmental quality. The low awareness of tourists regarding their carbon footprint highlights the need for innovative approaches in sustainable tourism management. This research designs and analyzes the concept of CARBOSAKA (Carbon and Responsible-Based Scheme for Knowledge Area), an educational mangrove ecotourism scheme based on the calculation of tourists’ carbon footprint. The methodology involves literature research and qualitative analysis of sustainable ecotourism practices, accompanied by the design of a conceptual model built on three main pillars: education, economy, and ecology. The education pillar focuses on daily monitoring of tourists’ carbon footprint, the provision of carbon information podiums supported by QR codes, and monthly rewards in the form of locally crafted merchandise produced by the community. The economic pillar encourages community involvement in producing environmentally friendly food, emphasizing energy-efficient dishes made from local ingredients. These products are sold at the tourism site as a means of both economic empowerment and environmental education. The ecological pillar emphasizes direct tourist engagement in mangrove planting or donations for restoration, as well as eco-friendly management of the area. These three pillars form the Triple E approach, manifested in a Venn diagram where the elements interrelate, reinforcing the synergy between education, economic empowerment, and ecological action. The concept enhances environmental awareness, strengthens the local economy, and delivers tangible contributions to carbon emission reduction in mangrove-based tourism areas.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alvin Pratama, Sabila Martin Dalimunte, Mohamed Khalfan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Spatiotemporal Analysis of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in The Batangtoru Estuary Using Sentinel-2 Imagery
The Batangtoru watershed is increasingly polluted as waste from human activities is directly discharged into the river, leading to high concentrations of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) at the estuary. This study examines spatial and temporal trends of TSS using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery to support water quality monitoring. Three spectral indices Normalized Difference Turbidity Index (NDTI), Normalized Suspended Material Index (NSMI), and Normalized Difference Suspended Sediment Index (NDSSI) were applied, processed with a Mosaic Dataset, and analyzed using the Space-Time Cube method. From 2019 to 2023, Sentinel-2 effectively captured TSS variability across time and space. NDTI and NSMI consistently showed high turbidity and suspended material levels, while NDSSI exhibited greater fluctuation influenced by tides and seasonal dynamics. Trend analysis revealed moderate increases in NDTI and NSMI, with a slight decrease in NDSSI. Persistent hot spots were observed in NDTI and NSMI, whereas NDSSI identified persistent cold spots. Correlation analysis confirmed positive associations of TSS with NDTI and NSMI, and a negative association with NDSSI. This study emphasizes the novelty of integrating multiple indices for TSS monitoring and demonstrates Sentinel-2’s value as a cost-effective tool for long-term water quality assessment. Findings provide ecological insights and practical guidance for watershed management
Copyright (c) 2025 Wanda Nelwita Damayani, Imron Ade Rangga, Elsyah Bhima Fitrah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Estimated Carbon Reserves of Rhizophora stylosa in the Mangrove Area of Pekan Bandar Khalipah Village, Bandar Khalipah District, Serdang Bedagai Regency
Mangrove ecosystems have a vital role in maintaining the balance of the coastal environment, both ecologically, economically, and socioculturally, especially as a habitat for marine fauna, protector from natural disasters, and a significant absorber of carbon (blue carbon). However, these ecosystems face a considerable threat of damage due to land conversion, causing degradation and deforestation that contribute to carbon emissions. This study aims to estimate carbon reserves and carbon dioxide (CO2) absorption in mangrove vegetation of Rhizophora stylosa species in Pekan Bandar Khalipah Village, Serdang Bedagai Regency. The study was conducted in May 2025 using the purposive sampling method on five 20-meter diameter circle plots, with the measurement of tree diameter at chest height (DBH). Biomass estimates were calculated using the allometric equations of Komiyama et al. (2005) for above-surface biomass and Comley & McGuinnes (2005) for subsurface biomass, with the conversion of biomass to carbon-based carbon stocks of 50%. The results showed a total biomass of 89.82 tons/ha, with carbon reserves of 44.91 tons/ha and CO2 absorption reaching 164.82 tons/ha. This value is influenced by the relatively young age of vegetation (±5 years) and the average diameter of the tree of 8 cm. This study confirms the importance of the role of mangroves in mitigating climate change through carbon storage and sequestration, and can be a scientific reference for efforts to restore and manage mangrove ecosystems sustainably in coastal areas.
Copyright (c) 2025 Meilinda Suriani Harefa, Sri Wulan Cesilia, Dwi Nurul Annisa, Syahrinal Amir Lubis, Eling Tuhono, Fitra Yudha Pratama, Dewi Permata Sari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Mangrove Empowerment to Support the Ecosystem and Biodiversity of Mangrove Kampoeng Nipah Sei Nagalawan Village
Mangrove is a very important ecosystem for life as a whole and the geographical conditions in coastal areas. Geography plays a major role in the sustainability of the mangrove ecosystem. Lack of mangrove areas can result in coastal erosion, which can then reduce biodiversity in coastal areas. This study aims to evaluate the condition of the mangrove ecosystem on the Kampoeng Nipah coast in Sei Nagalawan Village, explore the potential of the mangrove ecosystem that can support sustainability, and study the various types of species in the ecosystem. The methods applied in this study include observation to collect primary data and literature studies to obtain supporting data. Furthermore, qualitative analysis is needed to help understand the results of this study. The findings of the study indicate that (1) the condition of the mangroves is generally not good due to the lack of routine maintenance. (2) There are four types of mangroves identified in the mangrove ecosystem on the Kampoeng Nipah coast, which live in two different types of habitats, namely sand and mud. (3) Biodiversity in the mangrove ecosystem is diverse, but there are some mangroves that have little biodiversity. The results of this study can be used to increase public awareness regarding the importance of maintaining the mangrove ecosystem.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mhd Zidan Aris Fatih, Escha Purba, Girang Stevani Bancin, Adil Bin Mohd Anuar, Ridwana Rusyilda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Effect of Mangrove Conditions on Shoreline Changes at Mangrove Beach, Senagaga Village, Lawan, Perbaungan District
This study aims to analyze the influence of mangrove vegetation conditions on shoreline changes in Mangrove Beach, Sei Naga Lawan Village, Perbaangan District, Serdang Bedagai Regency. The background of this research is based on the deterioration of mangrove conditions experienced by coastal areas and the increasing degradation of mangrove vegetation due to human activities. The method used in this study is a quantitative descriptive approach with data collection through field observations, and analysis of Sentinel-2 satellite images. Observations were made at 10 mangrove vegetation sampling points and analysis of shoreline changes during the 2020–2025 period. The results showed that areas with high density mangroves and healthy vegetation experienced less abrasion compared to areas with damaged or sparse mangroves. Spatial analysis using ArcGIS software shows a deeper shift of coastline to land in areas that are losing vegetation cover. These findings reinforce the important role of mangroves as natural protectors of beaches that are able to absorb wave energy and hold sediment. Therefore, the preservation and rehabilitation of mangrove forests must be a priority in efforts to mitigate abrasion and manage coastal areas in a sustainable manner.
Copyright (c) 2025 Goklas Sihombing, Teh Ei Vin, Natalia Siagian, Nabila Putri Adha, Ester Siagian (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment of Vascular Epiphyte Diversity in a University Arboretum
Vascular epiphytes are an ecological important of plants that perform a variety of important ecological roles such as mediating nutrient cycles, providing food for canopy fauna and storing water. Despite having a large contribution, information regarding the species composition and diversity of vascular epiphytes in the USU arboretum is not yet available. Therefore, this research was conducted to identifyhe diversity of epiphytes in the arboretum of the Universitas Sumatera Utara. Data collection was carried out using an inventory method in the entire arboretum area (census). Epiphyte morphological characteristics, number of individuals, and host tree species were recorded as primary data. The results of the research show that there are 17 (seventeen) epiphyte species belonging to 7 families in the USU arboretum. Pyrosia piloselloides, Asplenium nidus, and Pyrossia eleagnifolia were the species that obtained the highest Importance Value Index (IVI)s with respective values obtained at 45.48%, 29.43%, and 16.82%. The epiphyte diversity index at the research location is classified as moderate with a value obtained of 1.75. Meanwhile, the species evenness index was classified as high (E=0.62) and the species dominance index showed low results (C=0.27).
Copyright (c) 2025 Arida Susilowati, Deni Elfianti, Eben Ezer Aprilando Sirait (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Mapping Environmental Quality of Mangrove Forests from 2018-2022 Using Landsat 8 OLI Imagery in Langsa City Aceh Province
The condition of the mangrove environment can provide optimal support for human survival, as indicated by measured parameters based on the natural baseline of several environmental variables that influence environmental quality changes. This research aims to identify the distribution of mangrove forests in Langsa City and assess the environmental conditions based on mangrove forest density from 2018 to 2022 by applying the NDVI method through the processing of Landsat 8 imagery. The research was conducted in 2023 in Langsa City, with the research population being the entire mangrove forest area within the city. The research sample consisted of 30 points selected using random sampling to analyze land use in Langsa City and represent 15 points for mangrove density conditions. Field measurements were carried out in plots of 30 x 30 meters, corresponding to the pixel size in NDVI-processed imagery. The data analysis techniques used were Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC), NDVI method, Error Matrix, and reclassification. The results of the research indicate that land cover change from 2018 to 2022 was not significant. Mangrove distribution during this period was found in four sub-districts, with a decrease in ecosystem presence in some areas. Based on NDVI analysis, the mangrove ecosystem showed an increase in density from 2018 to 2022. According to Decree No. 201 of 2004, the condition of mangrove vegetation in Langsa City is classified as good and very dense. The most widely distributed vegetation species is from the Rhizophoraceae family, which has shown strong adaptability to the environmental conditions
Role of Mangrove Ecosystem in Mitigating Climate Change: A Review
The mangrove ecosystem can absorb and store organic carbon higher than other ecosystem, significantly mitigating climate change. Unfortunately, a large portion of mangrove areas has been deforested, degraded, or converted to other land uses, leading to a significant increase in greenhouse gas emissions. This article presents a review of mangroves' role in the cycle of carbon, the mechanism of carbon storage (blue carbon), greenhouse gas emissions, other gases (methane and nitrous oxide), and the support of the ecosystem for adaptation and resilience on the beach. This review method involves analyzing the scientific literature and reporting policy from 2000 to 2024. The results show that mangroves can keep carbon up to 1,023 Mg C/ha in sediment, with a level of accumulation of 1.5–3.0 Mg C/ha/ year. In addition, mangrove management and restoration can reduce equivalent CO₂ emissions by up to 10–25% in coastal tropical zones. Implementing policies and mechanisms in the payment service ecosystem is key to maximizing potential mangrove mitigation.
Analysis of the Mangrove Forest Degradation Level in Pasar Rawa Village, Gebang Subdistrict
Mangrove ecosystems play a vital role in providing coastal protection, carbon sequestration, and ecological resilience. However, increasing degradation due to anthropogenic pressures threatens their sustainability. This study examines the variation in mangrove vegetation structure in Pasar Rawa Village, North Sumatra, by evaluating ecological conditions across three transects with varying levels of degradation. Using the nested sampling method, data were collected on species composition, density, and regeneration across seedling, sapling, and tree strata. Results show a clear degradation gradient: Transect 1 (light damage) is dominated by Rhizophora sp. with a stable community; Transect 2 (moderate damage) shows greater species diversity and transitional succession; Transect 3 (severe damage) has low density and species dominance. While natural regeneration is still present in all transects, its success depends on controlling anthropogenic activities and supporting ecological recovery. Therefore, adaptive conservation strategies that include community participation, regulation enforcement, and species-specific replanting are crucial. These findings offer a spatially explicit model for mangrove rehabilitation based on degradation levels, contributing to both scientific knowledge and local policy development.
Mapping the Changes in Mangrove Distribution from 2013 to 2022 in Langsa City Using Landsat 8 OLI Imagery
Indonesia has the longest coastline and the largest mangrove area in the world, yet its mangrove ecosystems continue to degrade due to land conversion, illegal logging, and climate change. In Langsa City, Aceh, mangroves are distributed across three subdistricts and face serious threats despite rehabilitation efforts by the government and non-governmental organizations. Long-term monitoring of mangrove changes remains limited, even though it is essential for sustainable management. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the temporal changes in mangrove distribution in Langsa City from 2013 to 2022 using Landsat 8 OLI satellite imagery. This research was conducted in Langsa City, Aceh Province, to analyze mangrove distribution changes from 2013 to 2022 using Landsat 8 OLI imagery. Data collection involved satellite image analysis, field observations, and interviews with 30 purposively selected respondents across three districts. The research applied remote sensing techniques, including geometric and radiometric corrections, image classification, and ground truthing to ensure data accuracy and support sustainable mangrove management. The research found that mangrove coverage in Langsa City increased by 1,070.91 ha between 2013 and 2018 but declined by 685.49 ha from 2018 to 2022, due to both natural factors and human activities. Although restoration efforts, such as seedling planting, have been carried out, they remain insufficient to offset degradation. This highlights the need for enhanced monitoring, policy enforcement, and community engagement.
Local Wisdom in Mangrove Management and Conservation in Indonesia
Mangroves are coastal ecosystems widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, providing significant ecological and economic benefits. However, approximately 35% of mangrove forests have been lost over the past 50 years due to human activities, despite ongoing restoration efforts. This research article aims to analyze various forms of local wisdom applied in the management and conservation of mangroves in Indonesia, addressing the urgent need for a comprehensive review of traditional conservation methods. The research employs a literature review method, examining recent scientific articles (2020–2024) to explore the role of local wisdom in mangrove management. The data is analyzed descriptively by identifying key themes such as traditional practices, ecosystem sustainability, and the relationship between indigenous communities and conservation policies. The findings reveal that local wisdom plays a significant role in mangrove conservation through customary laws, exploitation restrictions, and mystical beliefs passed down through generations. Additionally, sustainable utilization, such as ecotourism and community-based management, supports mangrove ecosystem preservation without causing damage. Although different approaches are used in various regions, active community involvement remains the key factor in ensuring mangrove sustainability. The implications of this research emphasize that conservation approaches based on local wisdom can be integrated into national environmental policies to enhance the effectiveness of mangrove ecosystem protection in a sustainable manner